Residential asphalt roofing manual 1997

Within the last five or ten years, "Architectural" or laminated shingles that simulate wood and slate shingles or shakes have become increasingly popular for higher end housing. These shingles are made of two or even three layers laminated into a single unit. The multiple laminate reinforces the impression of individual shingles and the protective granules are toned to simulate weathered material.

Dark colored granules are added to create the impression of shadows, thereby enhancing the three-dimensional, "high definition" effect. Dark colored granules are also added to some three-tab shingles, such as Owens Corning's Prominence r series to simulate the appearance of premium shingles.

Other recent developments include the increasing use of larger-sized "metric" shingles, longer "multi-tabbed" shingles, and distinctly-styled, non-rectangular, diamond and hexagonal scalloped shingles. The proliferation of different asphalt roofing shingle types and styles has made the selection of these materials difficult. In the recent past shingles were categorized by weight, such as , , pounds, etc. The weight was generally related to service life.

Currently shingles are classified by warranty duration, such as 20, 25, 30, or year. There is no direct relationship between base mat thickness, shingle weight, performance, and warranty. Furthermore, asphalt coatings, the type of fillers, mat thickness, and shingle weight vary from one manufacturer to another, making it difficult to estimate relative performance. Most of the laminated shingles have been on the market for only the past five to ten years, and there is no long-term history of their performance the Insurance Institute for Property Loss Prevention assumes that the effective life of an average asphalt shingle is 17 years.

Manufacturer warranties are apt to differ in terms of what is warranted material, labor, or both , against what defect, for what period pro-rated or not , with what exclusions rain, hail, and other variables , or whether the warranty is transferrable.

In response to widespread reports of product failure in the early s, the Midwest Roofing Contractors Association MRCA ran shear strength tests on a number of shingle types asphalt fiberglass, asphalt organic, asphalt laminated fiberglass, and asphalt laminated organic shingles in accordance with Section 8.

The ARMA maintains that tensile strength, tensile elongation, and shingle flexibility are better indicators of potential resistance to shingle splitting than tear strength, and is working through ASTM to improve the D standard to more accurately reflect shingle performance. ARMA maintains that some shingles that don't meet D perform adequately. Most manufacturers currently produce shingles that meet ASTM D, and this standard is increasingly referenced by model code agencies.

However, some manufacturers, responding to requests for inexpensive products, make "commodity" and year shingles that do not meet this standard.

These shingles, of varying quality, are often sold through discount wholesale and retail outlets stores that supply very price sensitive markets. Until the standards are revised, MRCA and some other industry representatives recommend purchasing organic or fiberglass shingles that are certified as meeting the tear-strength requirements of ASTM D A recent development in asphalt shingles is algae-retardant surfacing.

Manufacturers have in the past experimented with zinc granules to retard algae growth, but these sometimes resulted in white patches and uneven staining.

At least one manufacturer, 3M, that provides granules for roofing manufac-turers has developed ceramic-coated granules that release copper ions over a year period to help reduce the darkening of roofs from algae in hot, humid climates.

It is too early to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of this material, but there are indications that in the short term it helps retard algae discoloration. If installing asphalt roofs in hurricane-prone regions, it should be noted that manufacturers generally do not warrant their products for wind speeds greater than 80 mph. Asphalt shingles have frequently performed poorly in high winds, and can be a significant source along with other roofing products of wind-blown debris.

Such performance, manufacturers point out, is frequently attributed to improper application, substrates, or fasteners staples are not recommended. Shingles at roof boundaries such as rakes, ridges, hips, and valleys should be secured with hand tabbing of an asphaltic roof cement. Existing shingles should be removed prior to reroofing and the existing sheathing inspected for deterioration.

Some municipalities, such as Metro Dade County, Florida, have special requirements, such as allowing only shingles that pass mph testing but which are not typically warranted by manufacturers beyond 80 mph. Partly in response to cold temperature and high-wind performance requirements, some manufacturers produce shingles derived from recent flat roof technology developments, with different base mat materials and configurations, as well as modified asphalt formulae.

Malarkey Roofing Co. Malarkey makes a three-tab and laminated shingle that is warranted against material failure in up to mph winds.

Another manufacturer, IKO, produces a plastic polymer-modified asphalt shingle atactic polypropylene with similar enhanced performance claims.

Isolated small holes or cracks in shingles can be temporarily repaired by troweling on plastic roofing cement. Curled shingles can often be cemented back in place. Individual shingles that are badly damaged can be replaced by slipping a pry bar under the damaged shingle, removing the nails, sliding the shingle out, replacing the shingle, and applying roofing cement to the new nail heads and the bottom edge of the new shingle, and the one above.

If a large number of shingles exhibit excessive drying out, curling, loss of protective granules, cracking, or other deterioration, or if there is evidence of significant leaks that are not due to faulty flashing, then a complete shingle replacement is likely to be required.

A critical decision will be whether or not to remove the existing shingles or apply the new shingles over the existing layer. According to ARMA, in many cases it is not necessary to tear off the old shingles if the roof has only one layer of shingles, is laying flat and the decking is in good condition.

In this instance, the existing asphalt shingles can provide a secondary moisture barrier and the cost of removing and disposing of the old shingles will be eliminated. If the roof does not look straight and feel solid, it should be inspected for structural adequacy by a professional engineer or architect.

A material description and dimensional tolerances are provided. In addition to Class A fire-resistance requirement, the standard also provides material performance requirements for mass loss and behavior on heating and wind resistance. Two types of material are defined in the standard: Type I—self-sealing asphalt shingles and Type II—non-self-sealing asphalt shingles.

Only Type I asphalt shingles are required to meet the standards' wind-resistance requirement. Although some asphalt shingle products currently available continue to bear markings indicating compliance with ASTM D, it is more common for roofing professionals to look to ASTM D, "Standard Specification for Asphalt Shingles Made from Glass Felt and Surfaced with Mineral Granules," for a more complete set of material requirements for asphalt roofing shingles.

Type I is described as brushing consistency lap cement intended for use in the exposed-nailing method of roll roofing application. Two grades of Type I material are defined: Grade 1, made with air-blown asphalt, and Grade 2, made with vacuum-reduced or steam-refined asphalt.

Type II material contains asbestos fibers and is described as a lap cement with a heavy brushing or light troweling consistency intended for use in the concealed-nailing method of roll roofing application.

Type III material contains stabilizers other than asbestos and is described as a lap cement with a heavy brushing or light troweling consistency intended for use in the concealed-nailing method of roll roofing application. ASTM D , "Standard Specification for Asphalt Shingles Made from Glass Felt and Surfaced with Mineral Granules," addresses properties of asphalt feedstock, shingle material composition, dimensional tolerances and weights, fire test classification, wind resistance, loss of volatile matter after heating and other physical properties of finished materials.

Self-sealing shingles, as well as interlocking shingles, are included in the standard's scope. Two type classifications are provided for materials included in the scope. Type I materials are neoprene synthetic rubber solutions for use alone or in combination with chlorosulfonated polyethylene CSPE synthetic rubber solutions, without Grade 1 or with Grade 2 fiber additives.

The standard provides material composition requirements, physical property requirements and product labeling requirements.

ASMT D , "Standard Specification for Emulsified Asphalt Adhesive for Adhering Roof Insulation," applies to materials used as adhesives for attaching rigid board insulation to steel roof decks with slopes up to These materials may additionally function as vapor retarders when applied as continuous film over a suitable deck surface.

Physical property requirements are provided for both classifications. ASTM D , "Standard Specification for Asphalt Roll Roofing Glass Felt Surfaced with Mineral Granules," provides composition requirements, physical property requirements and packaging requirements for a category of material used as cap sheets in the construction of built-up roof systems. The standard provides mass and area per roll requirements for products with their top sides completely surfaced with mineral granules, known as no-selvage roll roofing, and products with 2- and 4-inch-wide side lap areas free of mineral surfacing, known as 2-inch selvage and 4-inch selvage, respectively.

The standard provides material composition requirements and performance requirements. The following material classifications are provided: Type II—fiber-reinforced sheet in which the fibers do not appreciably affect properties such as tensile strength or ultimate elongation; Type III—sheet internally reinforced with fabric and also permitted to have a fabric backing; Type IV—sheet of a lesser thickness minimum of 0.

The standard provides material composition requirements, physical property requirements, dimensional tolerances and sheet marking requirements. ASTM D , "Standard Specification for Asphalt Roofing Coatings—Asbestos Free," applies to solvent-based roof coatings of brushing or spraying consistency commonly used in constructing cold-applied built-up roof systems. ASTM D , "Standard Specification for Asphalt-Coated Glass Fiber Base Sheet Used in Roofing," applies to fiberglass-based, asphalt-impregnated and -coated base sheet with or without perforations intended for use as the first ply of a built-up roof system.

The standard provides material composition and physical property requirements for two material classifications, Type I—lower mass per unit area and lower breaking strength material and Type II—higher mass per unit area and higher breaking strength material.

This specification requires the sheet be capable of being bonded watertight to itself. Material composition and physical property requirements, dimensional tolerances and sheet marking requirements are defined in the standard. Additionally, based on the compound's ability to cure, the materials are classified as Class V—vulcanizing after installation and Class NV—nonvulcanizing.

The flashing sheet is required to be capable of watertight bonding to itself, the roof membrane and substrate. The standard provides material composition requirements, physical property requirements and dimensional tolerances. The standard addresses material characteristics and physical property requirements. The standard provides requirements for a single material classification: Type II—heavy-duty asphalt-coated fiberglass venting base sheet.

Material addressed in this specification is permitted to be perforated or embossed. The spot adhesion and coarse-texture bottom surface provide space in the horizontal plane under the membrane for venting certain deck conditions.

The standard provides requirements for material composition, dimensional tolerances and physical properties for a single material type classification designated Type 1. Hypalon is a registered trademark of the compound developed by E. The polymer compound in CSPE membranes is a thermoplastic elastomer at the time of membrane installation, and laps can be hot-air welded as with other thermoplastic membranes. The polymer compound cures during on-roof exposure to become a thermoset material.

Two material classifications are provided: Type I, Grade 1—chlorosulfonated polyethylene membrane backed with fibers, and Type I, Grade 2—chlorosulfonated polyethylene membrane internally reinforced with fabric.

ASTM D , "Standard Specification for Asphalt Roll Roofing Organic Felt ," provides material descriptions, physical property requirements and dimensional tolerances for roll roofing products composed of asphalt-saturated cellulose fiber mat organic reinforcement coated on both sides with asphalt.

The standard defines three classes of materials: Class S smooth rolls surfaced with fine mineral matter to prevent sticking; Class M mineral rolls surfaced with mineral granules; and Class WS wide-selvage rolls intended for double-layer installation and surfaced with mineral granules for approximately half the width.

Additionally, weight categories are defined within each class of materials. The standard provides a material composition description and physical property requirements for materials in liquid state and performance requirements for the cured film. ASTM D , "Standard Specification for Vulcanized Rubber Sheets Used in Waterproofing Systems," applies to unreinforced vulcanized synthetic rubber sheets used to protect structures against water entry under hydrostatic conditions. The standard defines two materials classifications based on the principal polymer component of the sheet.

The standard provides dimensional tolerances, performance requirements and sheet marking requirements. SEBS polymer-modified asphalt possesses enhanced cohesive strength and elastic properties at service temperatures. The standard provides physical property requirements for this material.

Within each material type classification, the standard distinguishes between Grade G, granule-surfaced materials, and Grade S, smooth-surfaced materials. The standard provides dimensional tolerances, physical property and performance requirements and material appearance requirements.

The standard defines two material type classifications: Type I of lower mass per unit area and Type II of greater mass per unit area.

Within each material type classification the standard distinguishes between Grade G, granule-surfaced materials, and Grade S, smooth-surfaced materials. ASTM D , "Standard Specification for Reinforced Bituminous Flashing Sheets for Roofing and Waterproofing," applies to a variety of bituminous sheet materials used for constructing flashings for roof and waterproofing systems.

The standard's scope includes a broad range of materials manufactured with various types of bitumen, reinforcements and surfacings. The standard provides two material classifications: Type I—heavy, thick flashing sheets and Type II—lightweight, thin flashing sheets. Material mass, thickness and physical performance requirements are defined in the standard.

The standard defines two material type classifications: Type I of lower mechanical strength and Type II of higher mechanical strength. Sheet mass per unit area and sheet thickness requirements are the same for Type I and Type II materials. The standard provides dimensional tolerances, physical property and performance requirements, and material appearance requirements. The standard provides one set of physical property requirements and performance requirements for these materials.

Dimensional tolerances and material appearance requirements also are provided. ASTM D , "Standard Specification for Liquid-Applied Silicone Coating Used in Spray Polyurethane Foam Roofing Systems," applies to solvent-dispersed elastomeric coatings, principally composed of silicone polymers, used as protective top coatings for spray polyurethane foam roof systems.

The standard provides physical property requirements for liquid state materials and physical property and performance requirements for cured materials in film form. ASTM D , "Standard Specification for Coal Tar Adhesive," applies to coal-tar adhesive with or without polymer modification suitable for application to coal-tar built-up and coal-tar polymer-modified bitumen roof systems. The standard provides two material classifications: Type I—brush, squeegee or spray consistency intended for use in the application of field sheet membranes and Type II—heavy brushing or trowel consistency intended for use in the repair of coal tar roofing and flashings and installation of flashings.

The standard defines material composition requirements and performance requirements. The standard provides material composition requirements, physical property and performance requirements, dimensional tolerances and product marking requirements. The specifically stated intent of this specification is to provide criteria for producing and evaluating underlayments with a significantly reduced tendency to wrinkle before or after the installation of steep-slope roofing products.

The standard provides a single set of performance requirements for all materials that fit within its scope. The standard's scope is limited to coatings intended for use on surfaces with positive drainage. The standard defines three material classifications: Type I, nonfibered coatings; Type II, fibered coatings containing asbestos fibers; and Type III, fibered coatings containing no asbestos fibers.

The standard provides a single set of material composition requirements, physical property requirements and performance requirements for all materials contained within its scope. The standard provides dimensional tolerances, physical property requirements, performance requirements and material marking requirements. Membrane sheets included in the scope of the standard comprise a top PIB coating layer, which has thermoplastic properties at time of installation, and reinforcing backing layer.

The standard provides one classification to identify the principal component of the coating portion of the sheet, Type I—polyisobutylene, and one classification to identify the sheet construction, Grade I—backed with fibers.

The standard provides physical property requirements and performance requirements for the backed sheet material and separately for the coating portion of the sheet.

It also provides dimensional tolerances and marking requirements for finished products. ASTM D , "Standard Specification for Liquid-Applied, Single-Pack, Moisture-Triggered, Aliphatic Polyurethane Roofing Membrane," applies to elastomeric polyurethane membranes, with or without reinforcement, formed from a single liquid-applied component without additives and curing upon exposure to moisture.

The standard provides physical property requirements for liquid-state materials and physical property requirements and performance requirements for cured materials in film form. The standard's edition provides two material classifications based on thermal resistance: Type I—materials with R-value equal or greater than 5. The standard's edition will provide three material classifications based on the blowing agent: Type I—materials manufactured with hydrofluorocarbon as primary blowing agent; Type II—materials manufactured with hydrocarbon as primary blowing agent; and Type III—materials manufactured with water as primary blowing agent.

The following list of ASTM International standard test methods applicable to roofing and waterproofing provides a synopsis for each standard. This is not a complete list of all the available standards though many standards developed specifically for use in roofing and waterproofing construction are included.

It is not practical to provide a comprehensive inventory of the ASTM International resources roofing professionals use because of the sheer variety of subject matter related to roofing and waterproofing applications. An ASTM International standard test method prescribes a specific procedure that produces a test result and, sometimes, minimum acceptable results. ASTM International standard test methods represent the best currently available test procedures for the uses intended based on a consensus opinion of subject matter experts.

ASTM C , "Standard Test Method for Nonvolatile Content of Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membranes," provides a laboratory procedure for determining the average nonvolatile content for one- and two-component cold liquid-applied elastomeric waterproofing membranes. This method can be useful for determining application coverage rates. This procedure is suitable for use with flat opaque materials.

Bitumens asphalt, coal-tar pitch are not characterized by sharply defined melting points. Instead, they soften and begin to flow under their own weight across a range of temperatures. The standard provides an arbitrary definition for a temperature in the softening range of bitumen and a closely-defined method for its measurement.

In roofing, the softening point of bitumen is the principal indicator of its fitness for use in a specific application. ASTM D , "Standard Index of Methods for Testing Elastomeric and Plastomeric Roofing and Waterproofing Materials," is a reference catalog to be used as an aid in the selection of procedures and test methods for use in the evaluation of sheet and liquid roofing and waterproofing materials.

Its scope is limited to procedures used in the evaluation of the materials as received or as finished materials or coatings. During testing, test assemblies constructed according to shingle manufacturers' installation instructions are subjected to fan-induced winds of specific velocities for specified durations.

Based on the test results, shingles are classified as Class A when the test assembly passes a test wind velocity of 60 mph, Class D when the test assembly passes a test velocity of 90 mph and Class F when the test assembly passes a test velocity of mph. UL , "Wind Resistance of Prepared Roof Covering Materials," provides a similar test method and the same shingle wind-uplift resistance classifications.

ASTM D , "Standard Test Method for Granule Adhesion to Mineral Surfaced Roofing by Abrasion," provides a protocol for preparing and testing specimens of mineral granule-surfaced roofing materials such as asphalt shingles, asphalt roll roofing and polymer-modified bitumen cap sheets.

The test provides a quantitative measure of the quality of mineral granule surfacing retention of tested products. It is intended for use with materials that have not had weathering exposure. The standard provides two procedures for laboratory determination of sealant-bonded shingles' resistance to mechanical loading.

The procedures are intended to replicate wind-loading behavior. Test specimens are loaded until sealant bond failure and the average maximum load is reported.

ASTM D , "Standard Test Methods for Solvent Bearing Bituminous Compounds," provides procedures for sampling and testing of physical and performance properties of solvent-bearing bituminous materials used in roofing and waterproofing. This standard provides a testing and calculation procedure that produces a wind-speed-based classification rating for asphalt shingles. This standard extends the wind resistance rating system originally employed in ASTM D to higher wind speeds.

The resulting wind resistance rating system is summarized in the table. ASTM D , "Standard Test Method for Determining the Capability of Roofing and Waterproofing Materials to Seal around Fasteners," applies to asphalt-based roofing and waterproofing materials designed to seal around penetrating fasteners and prevent the passage of water.

This procedure is structured to accommodate the addition of new protocols as needed and allows a referencing specification to select the appropriate test protocol from the available standard test protocols. Roof coverings are tested and rated as part of an assembly. The available classifications, in order from most fire-resistant to least fire-resistant, are Class A, Class B and Class C. UL of the same name provides similar test procedures.

The test apparatus creates a localized negative pressure vacuum region over the surface of a roof assembly to simulate wind-uplift load. The negative pressure is raised incrementally and the resulting roof assembly deflection is monitored until the agreed upon pressure is reached or roof assembly failure occurs.

For a discussion of NRCA's concerns click here. It samples a large area for measurement, can be used to record readings for roughly textured surfaces and requires clear daytime weather to perform measurements.

Solar reflectance is determined as the ratio of measured incoming solar radiation and measured solar radiation reflected from the surface under study. The following list of ASTM International standard guides and practices applicable to roofing and waterproofing provides a synopsis for each standard. An ASTM International standard guide provides options or instructions that offer direction but do not recommend a specific course of action.

A guide's purpose is to increase the awareness of information and methods in a subject area. An ASTM International standard practice is a specific set of instructions for performing one or more specific tasks that does not produce a test result. ASTM C , "Standard Guide for Design of Built-Up Bituminous Membrane Waterproofing Systems for Building Decks," provides design guidelines for built-up waterproofing systems in plaza deck and promenade applications, which provide for a separate wearing course, over occupied spaces.

It provides up-to-date definitions of industry terms. Such exposure in a laboratory is intended to reproduce, in a much compressed time period, the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed for extended time periods in their intended service environments. Materials suitable for investigation using these standard practices have a minimum softening point of F, meaning the bitumen does not visibly flow when vertically oriented specimens are exposed inside the weathering apparatus.

ASTM D , "Standard Practice for Sampling and Analysis of Existing Built-Up Roof Systems," provides guidelines for removing test specimens from existing built-up roof systems and for determining the approximate quantities of roof system components.

ASTM D , "Standard Guide for Application of Aluminum-Pigmented Asphalt Roof Coatings," provides guidelines for application of materials complying with ASTM D over built-up roof systems, polymer-modified bitumen roof systems, bituminous base flashings, concrete surfaces, metal surfaces, emulsion coatings and solvent-based coatings. It includes criteria for delivery, storage and handling of materials, prevention of safety hazards, environmental conditions suitable for installation, substrate preparation and different available installation techniques.

The guide addresses concrete deck surface cleaning, conditioning and repair practices used to remove surface defects and provide adequate adhesion between a waterproofing system and concrete surface.

It includes requirements applicable to substrate preparation, SPF application technique and equipment, and protective top coating and granule surfacing application.

It provides material delivery, storage and handling criteria, safety precaution recommendations, guidelines for addressing concerns related to environmental conditions during installation, recommendations for substrate preparation and installation practices, and guidelines for quality assurance.

In addition to construction detail drawings, it provides general information regarding materials and construction practices used in adhered sheet waterproofing applications. The guide is intended for waterproofing applications in parking garages, plaza decks over habitable spaces and on other elevated structures. It is not intended for use with building roof systems.

The guide addresses recommendations for materials used in testing, test procedure and reporting. ASTM D , "Standard Practice for Application of Self-Adhering Modified Bituminous Waterproofing," provides installation recommendations for self-adhering polymer-modified bitumen sheets used in new waterproofing installations. It includes criteria for delivery, storage and handling of materials and recommendations for substrate preparation and waterproofing system installation.

ASTM D , "Standard Guide for Application of Fully Adhered Hot-Applied Reinforced Waterproofing Systems," provides minimum installation recommendations for adhered reinforced waterproofing systems applied with hot bitumen to low-slope and vertical surfaces.

The standard defines an identification classification made of four types of waterproofing systems. Also, it provides material specification recommendations; material delivery; storage and handling criteria; safety precaution recommendations, guidelines for addressing concerns related to environmental conditions during installation; recommendations for substrate preparation and installation practices; and guidelines for quality assurance, inspection, testing and repair.

It includes information related to existing roof system inspection and primer selection and requirements applicable to substrate preparation, SPF application and protective coating and granule surfacing application. It includes recommendations addressing materials storage and handling, environmental conditions, material types, substrate preparation and installation practices.

It includes material specification recommendations, criteria for delivery, storage and handling of materials, recommendations for environmental conditions suitable for installation, and guidelines for substrate preparation and waterproofing system installation.

It provides information about sample cut types and their uses, visual inspection techniques, physical property tests and methods used for repairs at sample locations. ASTM D , "Standard Practice for Quality Assurance Observation of Roof Construction and Repair," provides guidelines for performing visual monitoring of roof system construction and defining the role, qualifications and responsibilities of quality-assurance observers.

It applies to new construction, reroofing, repairs and maintenance work. ANSI standards directly affect businesses in nearly every industry.